In French, literally, cinema truth. A style of documentary filmmaking in which the filmmaker captures real people in real situations with spontaneous use of hand-held camera, naturalistic sound recording, and with participation on the part of the filmmaker, for example, Chronicle of a Summer (1961, Jean Rouch & Edgar Morin, French title: Chronique dun t). Also called direct cinema, however, direct cinema sometimes refers to a different style that was dominant in the United States in the 1960s and differed in terms of much less filmmaker involvement, for example, Salesman (1968, Albert & David Maysles).